
Fort Santiago
The citadel at the mouth of the Pasig, begun by Legazpi in 1571 on the site of Rajah Sulayman's palisade and rebuilt in stone in the 1590s, guarded the Spanish capital for three centuries, held Filipino patriots in its dungeons, was the Japanese army's prison where hundreds died in 1945 and was destroyed in the battle for Manila that year; restored, it is entered through a gate carved with Santiago on horseback across a moat turned garden, and its Rizal Shrine, in the barracks where José Rizal spent his last night before his execution in December 1896, keeps his cell, his manuscripts and the original of his farewell poem, with his bronze footsteps leading from the cell to the gate. The ramparts over the river are the cool place at the end.















